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Wednesday, September 2, 2020
Functional Relationships Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Useful Relationships - Assignment Example Hence creation work interlink information sources and yields as for the situation gave. Taking for instance the modern creation of sugar at a sugar factory. For creation of sugar a few information sources are required for creation procedure to be finished. Despite the fact that there are numerous contributions from work, fuel, sugarcane flexibly, water and hardware the fundamental sources of info are sugarcane gracefully. To create yield y, input x1 and x2 are required for it to be delivered. Consequently, such info set has the accompanying impacts on creation of y. x is the aggregate information x1 and x2 alluded to as the isoquant. Consider a circumstance where there are two primary sources of info x1 and x2 for creation of sugar. Let x1 be sugarcane flexibly and x2 be work. Every one of these sources of info cooperate for creation of sugar. For Y amount of sugar to be delivered the firm need to utilize x1 amount of sugarcane and x2 work in the firm. Consequently, creation process requires various sources of info set up to deliver a given yield required. Data sources, for example, work, capital and crude materials are similarly significant in the creation procedure. All in all, expansion of additional contributions to creation unmistakably has incredible effect underway procedure. Creation capacities are dictated by inputs that are utilized. Such contributions for instance work, capital and crude materials are utilized in the creation procedure to decide the measure of yields in
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Pride Definition Essay free essay sample
The pride that I have towards a gathering at chapel or an extracurricular club at school can have a wide range of Interpretations to others other than what I might suspect pride Is In my own translation. It could even be the active and energetic pride you apply inside those gatherings or clubs. Each Friday late evening during football season in the fall you can see the exclaimer of pride being shown by the Spirit Club inside the huge understudy segment coordinated towards the football crew, the band, just as the whole Incentive people group to get them all siphoned up for the game.The training of pride that the Spirit Club shows each Friday truly draws out the sort of individuals It takes to have so much pride and confidence to root for the football crew each week all through the fall. The Spirit Club is most generally known for the week after week Friday night custom of senseless string gone haywire during the second from last quarter while the Incentive High School drum line plays just as the serenades for specific players when they accomplish something remarkable. We will compose a custom article test on Pride Definition Essay or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Pride approaches devotion. Devotion approaches faithfulness. Being engaged with such a little youth bunch at SST. Palls Lutheran Church n Incentive, truly tests my devotion on a week by week basis.I still show my pride In being associated with such a little youth church bunch whether I am the main individual there multi week or whether there are eight individuals the next week. In our little youth bunch we take an interest in numerous network administration occasions to offer back to those in the network and we likewise have holding exercises, for example, lock-ins to carry us closer to god and the congregation. The only thing that is in any way important is that we come to demonstrate our pride to the congregation and God. Demonstrating pride towards a gathering or club Is one approach to characterize pride, yet you an additionally characterize pride as the pride somebody provides for Its own nation. Another way pride could be characterized as would be the pride somebody shows to Its own nation. This meaning of pride shows is extremely consistent with all the people that serve in our military since they are battling for their own nation. For example, my father has been in the Air Force for 22+ years and has been engaged with war endeavors throughout the previous 11 years demonstrating his pride that has for the US battling for our opportunity. My dad and an endless number of other people chance their lives partner by doing what they would need to and what they love most, and that would be battling for the opportunity of others.Think of the considerable number of individuals taking a chance with their lives to give individuals that they won't meet up close and personal a free nation. Indicating pride towards ones nation is something I find significant. There are a wide range of approaches to show pride inside your nation. Praising the Fourth of July every year is one way that we Americans demonstrate our pride to our nation realizing that on this day many years back we marked The Declaration of Independence proclaiming the US or America on the Fourth of July by shooting firecrackers, flame broiling franks and cheeseburgers, and once in a while in any event, taking an interest in a neighborhood devoted parade.The pride of ones nation ought to be essential to everybody regardless of where they live. Indicating pride towards ones nation is one approach to characterize pride, however you can likewise characterize pride as the pride somebody has inside themselves. Another way you could characterize pride would be simply the pride that somebody has inside themselves. The manner in which somebody takes a gander at pride inside themselves can differ to which everybody concurs about. You could have pride towards the physical part of your body. Perhaps your physical make-up is fit as a fiddle, so that is someth ing you invest heavily in so as to keep your body the manner in which it is. The pride you have inside yourself could likewise have some psychological qualities to come also. The psychological parts of pride could be the manner by which somebody needs every other person to take a gander at them. For example, when strolling through the lobbies at school there are numerous individuals that are judge mental towards others dependent on the vibes of one and other. They dont really take the risk and exertion to truly go meet this individual and talk with them to truly e what sort of individual they truly are and how much pride they have for others.People Jump to ends to rapidly and frequently dont see what pride other may have. Taking everything into account, there are a wide range of ways that you can characterize the pride. Pride can be the faithfulness towards a specific gathering or club, the pride one gives towards its own nation, or even the pride that somebody has inside themselves could be another approach to take a gander at the meaning of pride. Pride is an inclination of delight and fulfillment that you get when you experience something exceptional.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Music Therapy in Critical Care Units free essay sample
A glance at the various techniques for treatment accessible with music. This paper gives a nitty gritty record of the Music treatment technique for treatment particularly in the basic consideration units. It shows how present day researchers concur that a wide range of sorts of music can be helpful. A few people react well to reggae or jazz. Others are elevated or in reality recuperated, when they tune in to Gregorian serenade, or substantial metal. From the paper: Music Therapy is a type of sound wave treatment which incorporates a few other various apparatuses and strategies. The music advisors or the sound specialists when all is said in done work with tuning forks, melody units, conditioning, and music. Tuning Forks produce unadulterated sounds when tapped. The human bodies in real acts like a resounding board to the beats of the universe as the significant piece of the human body is water. The human cells reverberate with the vibrations of the sounds by which they are encircled in the day by day life. We will compose a custom paper test on Music Therapy in Critical Care Units or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When tuning forks are being utilized the vitality squares can be discharged and the physical framework can be brought once more into arrangement. The sounds can likewise adjust the profound, passionate and mental bodies by making sounds through the tuning fork that the sensory system and the entire body can orchestrate to. The other instrument is the tune cases.
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Donoghue V Stevenson - Free Essay Example
The fact in Donoghue V. Stevenson[1] was that the appellant drank a ginger beer that was bought by her friend in a cafÃÆ'à © and she drank part of it from her cup. Her friend poured the rest and a decomposed snail was seen floating on the ginger beer. The nauseating sight coupled with the fact that the appellant had drank from it caused her shock and severe gastro-enteritis. She brought an action and the issue before the court was whether the manufacturer of an article of drink sold by him to distributor in the circumstances which prevent the customer/consumer from discovering by inspection any defect was under any legal duty to the customer/consumer. In searching for a principle of law, Lord Atkin used the comparative simplicity rule stating that the court should sought the duty which is common to all the cases where liability was established and base it on logical element common to the cases where it was found to exist[2]. Lord Atkin reinstated the general test for damages for negligence to be that the applicant must show that he had been injured by breach of duty owed by the defendant to take reasonable care to avoid such injury. This duty arises in circumstances where there was proximity and the defendant could reasonabl y foresee that the plaintiff would be affected by his negligence. Lord Atkinà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"foresee-abilityà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ test was based on the premise that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âpeople are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the act or omission which are called in questionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã [3]. These were the principles that was common to all the cases decided and which Lord Atkins considered. In Le Lievre V. Gould[4] and Heaven V. Pender[5], the courts held that there was a duty to take reasonable care to another even in the absence of contract, where there is proximity to other person or that other personà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s goods that he ought not to cause injury. This usually occur where A was so close to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s goods that he ought to take reasonable care not to cause injury to B or Bà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s goods. These same si mple rules was evinced in the judgment of the court in the case of George V. Skivington[6], where the court held that there was a duty on the manufacturer to exercise reasonable care to the purchasers. It can be deduced that the duty of care exist where there is proximity or where it can be shown that the defendant can reasonable know that the plaintiff would suffer injuries by his failure to take reasonable care. The test laid down in the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s case was that a liability in negligence for breach of duty of care would suffice if there was proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s action and the injuries was cause as a result of failure to take reasonable care. In Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor)[7], the first case involved claim for negligence. The claimant who suffered from disability claimed that due to the failure of the defendant to provide adequate tuition and treatment he suffered injuries. In the second and third cases, the claimants who suffered from dyslexia claimed injuries as a result of their local education authoritiesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ inability to provide suitable educational provisions. In the fourth claim, the claimant who suffered muscular dystrophy claimed that the defendant failed to provide him with the adequate training facilities to enable him to communicate appropriately with others. The HL held that persons exercising a particular skill may owe a duty of care and the fact that they are employed by the defendants to satisfy statutory obligations does not mean that no duty of care is required in the performance of their duty. Accordingly, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âfailures by educational psychologists, failure to diagnose a congenital condition and to take appropriate action was damage for the purpose of the common law and although questions of causation and quantum might be very difficult, there was no reason in pr inciple to rule out such claimsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã . The decision of the House of Lords in this case reflects the principle of proximity and reasonable care of the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson to award remedy for injuries that arise out of failure to take reasonable care. Also in Large V. Waldron[8], the claimant claimed negligence for reasons of failure of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s general practitioner to properly diagnose him and refer him to hospital when he had developed septicaemia and meningitis as an infant. The court held that the defendant failed in their duty of care and upheld the claimantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s claim. However, in light of recent decisions, the court seems to have departed from this comparative simplicity test that prevails in an action in negligence. In Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex[9], The case involves two victims (G S). G was murdered days before he testified as a witness in the trial of B. T here had been threats and incidence of witness intimidation before the murder. In S case, he had complained that his former partner (P) had threatened to kill him. The police had sufficient evidence to arrest P but failed to do so. While the matter remained under investigation, P caused severe injuries to the person of S using a claw-hammer. The claim in Gà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s case was brought under the article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950. The test that the court had to satisfy is à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthat the authorities knew or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal act of the third partyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã and they fail to take reasonable measures within their powers to avoid the risk, then their obligation under the convention is breached. The court held that that in this case, from the information available to the police they would not have anticipated that B consti tuted a risk to G. In S case, the action was on the tort of negligence. If one applies the test of Lord Atkin to this fact, the first issue will be to decide whether failure of police to act would amount to breach of duty of care where there is proximity between the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s action and the injuries caused as a result of failure to take reasonable care by acting on the complaint. There is no doubt that failure to act can amount to negligence if the defendant could reasonable foresee that his inaction may cause injuries to the plaintiff or the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s property. However, in this case, the court failed to imply negligence in the police inaction and held that in the absence of special circumstances, the police owed no common law duty to protect individuals against harm caused by criminals. The introduction of a special circumstances clause to avoid liability clearly departs from the comparative test articulated by Lord Atkin in Donoghue V Stevenson. It suggests that the courts are limiting the necessary implication of the Donoghueà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s test. In Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire[10], the case involved the murder of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daughter within the area where the defendant was the chief constable. The murderer was convicted murder. The said murderer had attacked and murdered series of other females in the area in the previous years under the same circumstances. The plaintiff claimed on behalf of his deceased daughter estate remedies against the defendant in conduct of investigations into crime and for failure to apprehend the murderer and thus prevent the murder of his daughter. The court dismissed the claimantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s claim and appeal for not disclosing any cause of action. The court held that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthere was no general duty of care owed by them (police) to identify or apprehend an unknown criminal, nor did they owe a duty of care to individual memb ers of the public who might suffer injury through the criminals activities save where their failure to apprehend him had created an exceptional added riskà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã . Notwithstanding, the court acknowledged that although it was reasonably foreseen that the said murderer was likely to attack female member of the public if not arrested but this does not in itself make the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daughter at risk more than other members of the public. The exceptional circumstances in this case would occur where proximity of relationship between the police and the victim was greater than would with the general risk to members of public. These cases however clearly depart from the contemplation of the principles that is settled in the case of Donoghue V. Stevenson. The courts had introduced further element that relieves defendants from liability where foreseeable injuries occur as a result failure to take reasonable care. The court in the case of Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises[11], the appellant in this case claimed personal injury against the respondent for injuries caused on the respondents premises. The respondent had kept on its quayside cylinders containing gas under pressure for about 2 years. The appellant had entered on the respondentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s premises to fit his boat for sea and had been injured by the cylinders when it discharged. The court held that the respondent did not owe any duty because the appellant use of the premises was not for the purpose he was allowed on it. The court in this case failed to follow the comparative element that the duty to take reasonable care is owed to all those that may reasonably be foreseeable to use the premises of the respondent. This duty is owed to anyone who is foreseeable to use the premises. The rule in Donoghue V. Stevenson is to award damages for injuries where the defendant and the claimant are in a position of proximity and the claimant suffers injuries because of th e failure of the defendant to take reasonable care so as not to cause injuries to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s person or goods. In this case failure of the defendant to remove the cylinder containing gas which it stored for years and the fact that the defendant could reasonably foresee that it may discharge and cause harm renders the court decision to depart from the comparative of Donoghue V. Stevenson. In Blake V. Galloway[12], the parties were engaged in high spirited horse game. The claimant threw at the defendant a piece of chipping bark which struck the defendant on his back. The defendant thereafter threw the chipping back towards the claimant and struck him just by the eyes causing substantial injuries. The claimant brought an action for battery and/or negligence. The court held that the defendant will be in breach of duty of care if his conduct amounts to recklessness or a very high degree of carelessness. The courts decision seems to depart from the obvious princi ple for which negligence was based. The underlying element in negligence cases was to award damages for injuries that were caused as a result of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s act where: The defendant and the claimant are in proximity. In this case, there is no doubt that the claimant and the defendant fall within this range of proximity. The defendant owed a reasonable care towards the claimant not to cause injury to his person by ensuring that it conducted in a safe manner towards the claimant. In this case, these elements are present however, the court failed to apply the comparative test to the fact. It is therefore my conclusion that in light of recent decisions in cases involving duty of care, the courts have failed to apply the comparative simplicity test of Lord Atkin to cases where injuries was caused to a claimant because of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s failure to take reasonable care where he could reasonably foresee that his failure to take sure care will cause injuries to the claimant. Notwithstanding that the comparative simplicity aided in ensuring certainty, it seems overdue. However, changes in the test may affect the certainty of decisions in duty of care cases. Bibliography Blake V. Galloway (2004) 3 ALL ER 315 Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 George V. Skivington L.R. 5 Ex 1 Heaven V. Pender 11 QBD 503 Hill V. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1989) AC 53 HL Large V. Waldron (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) Le Lievre V. G ould (1893) 1QB 491 Phelps V. London Borough of Hillingdon; Anderton V. Clwyd County council; Jarvis V. Hampshire County council; Re G (a minor) (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 Van Colle V. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire, Smith V. Chief Constable of Essex (2008) UKHL 50 Wombwell V. Grimsby Fish Dock Enterprises (2008) EWCA Civ 831 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Footnotes [1] (1932) AC 562 page 580 [2] Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 page 580 [3] Ibid at page 580 [4] (1893) 1QB 491, 497 [5] 11 QBD 503 [6] L.R. 5 Ex 1 [7] (2004) 4 ALL ER 504 [8] (2008) EWHC 1937 (QB) [9] (2008) UKHL 50 [10] (1989) AC 53 HL [11] (2008) EWCA Civ 831 [12] (2004) 3 ALL ER 315
Saturday, May 16, 2020
Auditing and Assurence Services Chapter 2 Solutions
CHAPTER 2 Professional Standards LEARNING OBJECTIVES | | | | | | |Exercises, Problems, and | | |Review Checkpoints |Simulations | | |1 |45 | |1. Name the various practice standards for internal, governmental, | | | |and independent auditors and auditing firms, and identifyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Standards deal with measures of the quality of performance of those acts and the objectives to be attained by the use of procedures. The standards are less subject to change. The standards provide the criteria for rejecting, accepting, or modifying a procedure in a given circumstance. An example of the relative stability of standards and procedures is found in the change from non-computerized information systems to computerized systems. New procedures were required to audit computerized information systems, but auditing standards remained unchanged and were the criteria for determining the adequacy of the new procedures. The word procedure is used in SAS 46 (AU 390) -- Consideration of
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Tempest Essay example - 1428 Words
Gonzalo states: quot;We are people of our own minds and no one elses,quot; by this Gonzalo is telling everyone that no one can control what someone sees or does. This is true unless one is using magic to alter the minds and reality of anyone under the influence of magic. In the Tempest, by William Shakespeare, Prospero uses magic to alter the reality and delude the minds of characters. Love or guilt is a form of magic that naturally occurs in ones life. Prospero creates another magic that is placed in the audiences mind when he asks them to become the master magicians. Alonso and Gonzalos minds are deluded by Prosperos spells to make them unaware of what is happening around them or aware of something out of the ordinary, andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Prospero casts a spell to make Calibans body fill with cramps and pinches all over. Direct magic doesnt always work in one try, so a person may attempt to do something again. Caliban, Trinculo, and Stephano try to kill Prospero, but Prospero casts spells on them to fill their bodies with cramps and pinches. Prospero does this for two reasons. One is to keep from getting killed and, two is to punish them. Because of this, Caliban repents toward the end of the play. The spells are physically applied, but they also have a mental affect. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Natural magic is about to take place, i.e., falling in love and/or feeling guilty for ones actions. This is a natural occurrence in ones life and is part of reality. Miranda falls in love with Ferdinand when they first meet. Miranda tells Prospero about the fine looking creature. She may be saying this because she has never seen a man; nevertheless, she is in love. Prospero plans for this to happen; because Prospero is planning for this to happen, he has to make Ferdinand prove that he is worthy of Miranda. Ferdinand doesnt know Miranda, but wishes he could get to know her. They gaze deeply into each others eyes, and instantly they feel a passion burning that can not be hidden. Prospero expects this to happen, but he doesnt cast any spells. Ferdinand does physical labor to prove that he is in love with Miranda. This shows the powerShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest And Ceasire s Play A Tempest2170 Words à |à 9 PagesOrobosa Omede Professor Tung Literature 305 Research paper Racism defined in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play The Tempest and Ceasireââ¬â¢s play A Tempest ââ¬â¹Cesarie s version of Shakespeare play The Tempest is a postcolonial response that focuses on the point of view of the enslaved characters Ariel and Caliban. Cesarie emphasizes the racial significant that leads to colonial politics. In cesarie s version the tension between prospero and Caliban are more evident. Caliban is more vocal aboutRead More Tempest Essay1478 Words à |à 6 Pages The Tempest According to Elizabethan beliefs an individuals social position was more or less fixed. The King was King as he had been given a mandate by God, and all positions below this were based on a rigid social hierarchy, which were also dictated by birth. This ideology was decidedly conservative and used politically as a means of social control: forcing people with less status to internalise their inferiority and subservience, assuming it part of the natural order of the universe. Any rebellionRead More The Tempest Essay1765 Words à |à 8 Pages The similarities and differences between Aime Cesaires ATempest and William Shakespeares The Tempest gives the reader an idea that it is a political response. From the way that both of the titles of these works of literature differ, an idea of concept is offered. They share a similar story line yet, after some one has read A Tempest : a different perspective is gained. 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While to many people this play may simply be just a play, it really has a story of what happens when nature and civilization collide. The character Caliban represents a being of pure nature. The character Prospero is civilization. These characters can also be seen as the colonized and the colonizer. The relationship they have is veryRead MoreNature, Power, And Division Of A Tempest And The Tempest1175 Words à |à 5 PagesNature, Power, and Division in A Tempest and The Tempest Humans have often struggled to define their relationship with nature throughout history. In the early periods of their existence, humans were ruled by the brutality of untamed nature. They utilized nature to an extent of survival, but had not yet developed a system to thrive within it. As humans advanced, both mentally and technologically, their aptitude and desire to exploit nature increased dramatically. These two polar relationships betweenRead MoreEssay on The Tempest1551 Words à |à 7 Pages Explain how Ariel and Caliban serve as character foils for each other. Be sure to consider their physical appearance and their roles as servants to Prospero. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the world of The Tempest , Ariel, the airy spirit, and Caliban, the earthy monster, can be described as character foils. Unlike and contrasted as they are, they have some traits in common. They both have an aversion to labor and a longing for liberty. Also, they have a primitive sense of humor, a fondnessRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1603 Words à |à 7 PagesShakespeareââ¬â¢s play, The Tempest, power is manifested in several forms: the investigation of the power of love, the power of magic and illusion, or the power of nature. However, in The Tempest, power is most clearly defined as dominance. Throughout the play, there is a universal pursuit of dominance over other people, dominance over property, or dominance over cultural ideals. These pursuits of dominance are used in an attempt to further ones authority, and, ultimately, oneââ¬â¢s life. In The Tempest, a motif ofRead More TEMPEST Essay1218 Words à |à 5 Pages The Other in the Tempest In order to understand the characters in a play, we have to be able to distinguish what exactly makes them different. In the case of The Tempest, Caliban, the sub-human slave is governed largely by his senses, making him the animal that he is portrayed to be and Prospero is governed by sound mind, making him human. Caliban responds to nature as his instinct is to follow it. Prospero, on the other hand, follows the art of justifiable rule. Even though it is easy to startRead More Aime Cesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest1683 Words à |à 7 PagesCesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest à à à à Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization (Carlberg).à This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West.à à Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneers
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
English A Symbol of Power in India Essay Example For Students
English: A Symbol of Power in India Essay Languages fundamentally serve as vehicles for people to communicate. Today, English language has been internationally recognized as a global language, which is highly correlated with the legacy of British colonization in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. India was colonized by the British from 1765 until its independence in 1947. (World English, 101) India, situated in South Asia, is geographically a huge territory with tremendously diverse ethnicities. Prior to the British colonization, India has multilingualism, in which each language is deeply rooted with its individual culture. In a rich multilingual territory, it is interesting how English has gained its power, and can remain powerful even after the postcolonial time. Starting from the British colonial time, the use of English language became prestige and important in India, especially in the government administration and education. In India, the position of English has changed from the symbol of slavery and colonial power to the symbol of a globalization, a workplace literacy, education and economic power. There are many diverse linguistic groups in India prior to the colonial time. According to the 1991 census, a total of 114 languages are identified by the abstraction of 1576 mother tongues into different classification (Annamalai, 610). The language Hindi has the largest number of mother tongues, and it is one of the Indiaââ¬â¢s fifteen major indigenous languages such as Urdu, Bengali (Annamalai, 610). During and after the colonial time, how did English language gain and remain its status in an enormous variety of linguistic zone? The origin of English in India began with the British first arrival in 1600s and its establishment of trading (World English 101). After the British colonized India, the popularity of English also increased. Nevertheless, the importance of English in India effectively began with the introduction of an English education system written by Thomas Macaulay in 1835 (World English, 101). After the establishment of the universities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Mad ras in 1857, English language gained its status and popularity as it became the primary medium of university education (World English 101). Ever since then, English has been accepted as the language of government and many social elite groups. After the independence, the question of which language would be the national language of India becomes a dilemma for many people. As mentioned before, Hindi is still the most widely used language in India. Therefore, many people suggested Hindi to be the national language. Although Hindi is spoken by forty percent of the one billion populations in India, the role of Hindi to become the India national language is still controversial. The diverse linguistic groups across India do not accept Hindi as the national language. ââ¬Å"Other sub-nations feared the introduction of Hindi and had pride in their own languages. (Vanishree, 317)â⬠In addition to their pride in their own languages, the non-Hindi speakers are also afraid that once Hindi become the national language, Hindi speakers will be more favored in the employment of government offices (Vaish 81). The non-Hindi speakers will subsequently have less opportunity in job opportunities. The dilemma continues until the involvement of English as the official language in India. This conflict in 1960s was solved by ââ¬Å"the ââ¬Ëthree language formulaââ¬â¢, in which English was introduced as the chief alternative to the local state language, typically Hindi in the north and a regional language in the south. (World English, 101)â⬠English is currently regarded as an associate official language together with Hindi. (Vanishree, 336) Despite the continuous effort of some nationalists to weaken the status of English language in India, English remains as powerful in India. There are approximately about twenty percent Indians (over 200 million in 2001) making regular use of English (World English 101). It is the nationwide agreement that regional languages will cover only in the private domain such as home while English still covers many public domains such as education, technology, government, national and international communication, and business (Vanishree, 317). Therefore, in India, most people become bilingualism in English, which not only allows I ndiaââ¬â¢s diverse linguistic groups to unify and work together under the same umbrella but also enable people to communicate easily through a common English language. .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .postImageUrl , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:hover , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:visited , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:active { border:0!important; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:active , .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1c997f06faea3994430fe0b9319ab5d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creationism Vs. Evolution (954 words) EssayEnglish become a language of prestige because of its role in education. School textbooks are written in Standard English, and English is used as the medium of instruction in many schools all over India. Some schools such as ââ¬Å"convent schoolsâ⬠, which exist in most cities and towns, required students to speak only in English within the school premises while other schools have English as a compulsory subject in the curriculum (Peri Bhaskararao). Higher education system such as universities of technology and science, and other post-graduate level requires even more demanding usage of English. The majority of people correlat e higher education with the assurance of job opportunities. Power of English fluency in economic urges many people especially students to pursue more in English so that they will be a part of the elite community. Therefore, many Indians appeal English language for the advancement of their lives. English has a large impact on the new generation of India. This generation is convinced that learning English will ultimately assist them achieving their goals. A study has been done to understand how English create personality in many students of India. In 2005, Viniti Vaish, an Assistant Professor in Singaporeââ¬â¢s National Institute of Education, conducted a study with a group of Indian high school students about their attitudes and goals for English learning. During the interviews, students repeatedly used the words ââ¬Å"jobâ⬠, ââ¬Å"rich/moneyâ⬠, ââ¬Å"development of individual and countryâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"unique look/impressionâ⬠in relation to English (Vaish, 85). However, students used words like ââ¬Å"foundationâ⬠, ââ¬Å"mother tongueâ⬠and ââ¬Å"identityâ⬠in relation to Hindi (Vaish, 85). Although these students have positive attitudes towards both English and Hindi, they all concurred that English is a global language, which will promote them to have better job opportunities, confidence and good impression. They believe fluency in English will advance them to be more marketable and powerful in globalizing workplace of modernizing India. The globalization is the fruit of the current efficient communication system in India. The important communication systems such as radio and television network, News paper and media are currently using English in high-level. Furthermore, with the widespread use of Internet and wireless technology, English becomes the main language used in computing and software technologies. Furthermore, more and more international software and technology companies launch their business branches in India (Bhaskararao, 6) The work demand increases higher recruitment of technicians who are proficient in English. English again plays an essential role in the globalization process in India. In conclusion, despite the initial intentions to diminish English language right after the Indiaââ¬â¢s independence, English has been rooted to the very basic lives of the majority of Indians that it remains as a prestige, powerful language in India. The globalization and the essential roles of English in education, government and workplace further reinforce the power of English. For the new generation, English remains its status and reputation, and it becomes a necessity to achieve many of the future generationââ¬â¢s dreams. Works Cited Annamalai, E. India: Language Situation Bhaskararao, Peri. ââ¬Å"English in Contemporary India.â⬠Asian/Pacific Book Development ABD (2002) Vol. 33 No. 2: 5-7. Vaish, Viniti. Biliteracy and Globalization English Language Education in India. Multilingual Matters Ltd., NY: Cromwell Press Ltd., 2008. Vanishree V.M., ââ¬Å"Provision for Linguistic Diversity and Linguistic Minorities in India.â⬠Language in India Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Vol. 11:2 (2011): 304-375 World English
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